A urologist is a medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating conditions of the urinary tract and male reproductive system. Urologists treat both men and women for issues like kidney stones, urinary infections, bladder problems, and incontinence. Men may also see a urologist for prostate or fertility concerns. You’ve likely heard the word “urologist” before. But unless you’ve been referred to one, you might not know exactly what they do — or when you actually need to see one.
This guide breaks it all down clearly. No medical jargon, no confusion.
What Does a Urologist Actually Treat?
A urologist focuses on the urinary tract system. This includes your kidneys, bladder, ureters (the tubes connecting kidneys to the bladder), and urethra (the tube you urinate through).
For men, a urologist also manages conditions related to the male reproductive system — including the prostate, testes, and penis.
Both men and women can benefit from seeing a urologist. The specialty covers a wide range of health issues, from common to complex.
Common Conditions a Urologist Handles
Here are the conditions urologists diagnose and treat most often:
Kidney Stones
These are hard mineral deposits that form in your kidneys. They can cause severe pain when passing through the urinary tract. Urologists can break them up using sound waves or remove them surgically.
Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
Most UTIs are treated by a primary care doctor. But recurrent or complicated UTIs — especially those involving the kidneys — often require a urologist.
Bladder Problems
This includes overactive bladder, bladder cancer, and urinary incontinence (leaking urine). Urologists identify the cause and recommend treatment options.
Prostate Issues
Men over 50 are at higher risk for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) — an enlarged prostate that makes urination difficult. Urologists also screen for and treat prostate cancer.
Erectile Dysfunction (ED)
ED can signal underlying cardiovascular or hormonal issues. Urologists assess the root cause and guide treatment.
Male Infertility
When a couple struggles to conceive, a urologist may evaluate the man for issues like low sperm count or blockages.
Kidney Disease and Tumors
Urologists work alongside nephrologists (kidney specialists) to manage kidney tumors, cysts, and structural abnormalities.
What Happens During a Urologist Visit?
Your first visit will feel similar to any specialist appointment. Here’s what to expect:
Step 1 — Medical History Review
Your urologist will ask about your symptoms, how long you’ve had them, and any relevant medical history. Be honest and specific — this helps them make an accurate assessment.
Step 2 — Physical Examination
Depending on your concern, the exam may involve checking your abdomen, bladder area, or — for men — a rectal exam to assess the prostate.
Step 3 — Diagnostic Tests
You may need a urinalysis (urine test), blood work, or imaging like an ultrasound or CT scan. These tests help confirm or rule out diagnoses.
Step 4 — Treatment Plan
Your urologist will explain what they found and outline your options. Treatment may range from lifestyle changes and medication to minimally invasive procedures or surgery.
Most visits are straightforward. You won’t face invasive procedures on your first appointment unless it’s an emergency.
When Should You See a Urologist?
Your primary care doctor can handle many urinary issues. But certain signs mean it’s time to see a specialist.
See a urologist if you experience:
- Blood in your urine — this is never normal and always needs investigation
- Pain or burning during urination that doesn’t improve with standard treatment
- Frequent or urgent need to urinate, especially at night
- Difficulty starting or stopping urination — a common sign of prostate issues in men
- Pelvic pain or pressure with no clear cause
- Recurrent kidney stones or a history of urinary tract problems
- Concerns about male sexual health or fertility
Men over 50 should also discuss routine prostate screening with their doctor, even without symptoms.
Don’t wait until symptoms become severe. Catching urological issues early leads to faster, simpler treatment and better outcomes.
Your Urinary Health Matters — Take It Seriously
Urology covers conditions that affect millions of people every day. Many go undiagnosed simply because patients feel embarrassed or unsure about when to seek help.
If something feels off with your urinary or reproductive health, a urologist like Dr Nudell is the right person to see. You don’t need to manage these symptoms alone. Ask your primary care provider for a referral, or search for a board-certified urologist near you.
Early action protects your long-term health. That’s always worth it.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between a urologist and a nephrologist?
A urologist treats structural and surgical conditions of the urinary tract and male reproductive system. A nephrologist specializes in kidney function and manages diseases like chronic kidney disease and kidney failure. Both may work together for complex kidney conditions.
Do women see urologists too?
Yes. Urologists treat women for conditions like UTIs, kidney stones, bladder incontinence, overactive bladder, and interstitial cystitis (a chronic bladder condition causing pelvic pain).
Do I need a referral to see a urologist?
In many cases, yes — your primary care doctor will refer you. However, some insurance plans allow direct specialist access. Check with your provider before booking.
How is urinary incontinence treated by a urologist?
Treatment depends on the type and severity. Options include pelvic floor exercises, bladder training, medication, or minimally invasive procedures like nerve stimulation or injectable bulking agents.
At what age should men start seeing a urologist?
Men should discuss prostate health with their doctor starting at age 50 — or 40 to 45 if they have a family history of prostate cancer or are of African American descent, as risk is higher in this group.